An anal fistula is a condition characterised by the formation of an abnormal tunnel or tract between the anal canal or rectum and the surrounding skin near the anus. It typically occurs as a result of an infection or abscess in the anal glands, which are small glands located just inside the anus.

When an infection occurs in the anal glands, it can lead to the development of an abscess, which is a pocket of pus. The abscess forms as the body's immune system responds to the infection and attempts to contain it. However, if the abscess does not drain properly, it can result in the formation of a fistula. The fistula serves as a passageway for the accumulated pus to drain out from the abscess. It creates a connection between the infected anal gland and the skin surrounding the anus. This abnormal tract may vary in length and complexity, and it can have multiple openings or branches.

Anal fistulas can occur in individuals of all ages, although they are more commonly seen in men than women. The exact reason for this gender disparity is not fully understood. However, differences in anatomy, hormonal influences, and variations in the immune response may contribute to the higher incidence in men.

Symptoms of Anal Fistula

The symptoms of anal fistula can vary depending on the location, complexity, and severity of the condition. While some individuals may experience mild symptoms, others may have more pronounced discomfort and complications. Recognizing the symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Here are some common symptoms associated with anal fistulas:

• Persistent anal pain or discomfort
• Swelling and redness around the anus
• Drainage of pus or blood from the opening(s) near the anus
• Itching or irritation in the anal area
• Formation of small lumps or bumps near the anus
• Recurrent abscesses in the anal region
• Pain or discomfort during bowel movements
• Difficulty in maintaining anal hygiene
• Foul-smelling discharge from the fistula tract
• Fever and chills (in case of infection)
• Skin irritation or breakdown around the anus

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. An early diagnosis can help prevent complications and ensure effective management of the condition. Your healthcare provider will conduct a thorough examination and provide you with the necessary guidance and support to address your specific symptoms and develop an individualised treatment plan.

Causes of Anal Fistula

An anal fistula is typically caused by an infection or abscess in the anal glands. The infection leads to the formation of a pocket of pus, which can then create a passageway or tunnel between the anal canal or rectum and the surrounding skin near the anus. The exact cause of the infection or abscess in the anal glands is often multifactorial and can vary from person to person. Here are some common causes and contributing factors:

• Anal Abscess: Anal fistulas often develop as a complication of an anal abscess. An abscess is a painful collection of pus that forms in the tissues around the anus. If left untreated or inadequately drained, the abscess can extend and form a tunnel, resulting in the formation of a fistula.
• Infection in Anal Glands: The anal glands, which are small glands located just inside the anus, can become infected. When these glands become blocked or clogged, bacteria can accumulate and lead to an infection. This infection can then progress and cause the development of a fistula.
• Crohn's Disease: Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, can increase the risk of developing anal fistulas. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but the inflammation associated with Crohn's disease can disrupt the normal healing process of the anal glands, leading to the formation of fistulas.
• Prior Anal Surgery or Trauma: Previous anal surgery or trauma, such as a previous anal fistula, hemorrhoidectomy, or childbirth injury, can increase the likelihood of developing a new anal fistula. These procedures or injuries can disrupt the normal anatomy and create a pathway for the formation of a fistula.
• Conditions Affecting the Colon and Rectum: Certain conditions affecting the colon and rectum, such as diverticulitis, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease, can contribute to the development of anal fistulas. The inflammation and tissue damage associated with these conditions can lead to the formation of fistulas.
• Immune System Disorders: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, may have an increased risk of developing anal fistulas. The compromised immune response can make it more difficult to fight off infections and lead to the formation of fistulas.

While these are some common causes and contributing factors, the development of an anal fistula can be complex, and multiple factors may be involved in each individual case. Consulting with a healthcare professional is crucial to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. By identifying the specific cause or contributing factors, healthcare providers can tailor the treatment approach to address the underlying condition and promote healing of the fistula. With timely and appropriate management one can find relief from symptoms and minimise the risk of complications associated with anal fistulas.

If you are experiencing symptoms of an anal fistula, it is crucial to seek medical attention for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. At MASSH, we specialise in providing comprehensive care for anal fistulas, offering a range of non-surgical and minimally invasive treatment options. Don't let an anal fistula disrupt your life or cause unnecessary discomfort. Contact us at MASSH today to schedule a consultation and take the first step toward effective treatment.