Ovarian Cysts are a prevalent condition affecting women of all ages. These fluid-filled sacs can develop in or on the ovaries and are a normal part of the menstrual cycle. Most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve on their own without causing any symptoms or complications. Ovarian cysts can be classified into different types based on their origin and characteristics. The two most common types are functional cysts and cysts associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Functional cysts form during the menstrual cycle, while PCOS-related cysts are associated with hormonal imbalances.

Ovarian cysts can vary in size, ranging from very small, almost undetectable cysts to larger ones measuring several centimetres in diameter. The size of the cyst may influence the presence of symptoms or the potential for complications. Hormonal imbalances, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, can contribute to the development of ovarian cysts. Imbalances in estrogen and progesterone levels can disrupt the normal follicle development and cause cysts to form.

Ovarian cysts can be categorised into various types based on their characteristics and underlying causes. Here are some common Ovarian Cysts:

• Functional Cysts: Functional cysts are the most common type and typically develop as part of the normal menstrual cycle. They can be further classified into two types:

a. Follicular Cysts: These cysts form when the sac that contains the developing egg doesn't release the egg during ovulation. Instead, it continues to grow and becomes a cyst.

b. Corpus Luteum Cysts: After the release of an egg, the follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum. If the corpus luteum fills with fluid or blood and does not disintegrate as expected, it can become a cyst.

• Endometriomas: Endometriomas, also known as chocolate cysts, are cysts that form as a result of endometriosis. Endometriosis occurs when the tissue lining the uterus grows outside of it. The displaced endometrial tissue can attach to the ovaries and form cysts filled with old blood, giving them a characteristic dark, chocolate-like appearance.
• Dermoid Cysts: Dermoid cysts, also called mature cystic teratomas, are a type of ovarian cyst that contains different types of tissues, including hair, skin, teeth, and even fragments of bone. They develop from embryonic cells and can vary in size.
• Cystadenomas: Cystadenomas are cysts that form from the cells on the surface of the ovary. They can be classified as either serous cystadenomas, which contain a watery or thin fluid, or mucinous cystadenomas, which contain a thick, sticky, gelatinous fluid.
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can result in the development of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. These cysts are typically small and may be surrounded by an abnormally thick outer covering, giving the ovaries a polycystic appearance.

While most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve on their own, complications can occur in some cases. These include ovarian torsion, where the cyst causes the ovary to twist, cutting off blood supply, or rupture of the cyst, leading to sudden and severe abdominal pain. It is important for women to be aware of these facts about ovarian cysts and consult with healthcare professionals for proper diagnosis, evaluation, and management if any symptoms or concerns arise. Early detection and appropriate medical attention can help ensure optimal gynaecological health and well-being.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts 

Symptoms of ovarian cysts can vary depending on their size, type, and whether any complications have arisen. In many cases, ovarian cysts may not cause noticeable symptoms and are discovered incidentally during routine pelvic examinations or imaging tests. However, when symptoms do occur, they can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms associated with ovarian cysts may include:

• Pelvic Pain: This is the most common symptom of ovarian cysts. The pain can be dull or sharp and may come and go. It may be localised to one side of the pelvis or radiate to the lower back or thighs.
• Abdominal Bloating or Swelling: Some women with ovarian cysts may experience bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. This can be attributed to the presence of a cyst pressing on surrounding organs or causing fluid accumulation.
• Changes in Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian cysts can sometimes disrupt the normal hormonal balance, leading to changes in the menstrual cycle. This may include irregular periods, heavier or lighter bleeding than usual, or missed periods.
• Painful Intercourse: Large cysts or cysts located in specific positions may cause discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse.
• Urinary or Bowel Symptoms: In rare cases, larger cysts may put pressure on the bladder or rectum, resulting in increased frequency of urination, difficulty emptying the bladder completely, or changes in bowel movements.
• Nausea or Vomiting: Severe or complicated ovarian cysts, such as those that have ruptured or caused ovarian torsion, may lead to nausea and vomiting.

These symptoms are not exclusive to ovarian cysts and can be caused by other conditions as well. If you experience persistent or severe symptoms, it's recommended to seek medical evaluation for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts 

The exact cause of ovarian cysts is often unknown, as they can develop for various reasons. However, there are several common factors that can contribute to their formation. These include:

• Hormonal Imbalance: Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone, can affect the normal functioning of the ovaries and lead to the development of cysts. Hormonal imbalances can occur during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or as a result of certain medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• Follicle Abnormalities: Ovarian cysts can form when a follicle, which is a fluid-filled sac that contains an egg, does not rupture and release the egg during the menstrual cycle. Instead, the follicle continues to grow and becomes a cyst. This type of cyst is known as a functional cyst.
• Endometriosis: Endometriosis is a condition where the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside of it. These abnormal growths can affect the ovaries and lead to the formation of cysts known as endometriomas or chocolate cysts.
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder characterized by the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. It is associated with hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and other symptoms.
• Pregnancy: During pregnancy, cysts can form in the ovaries as a normal part of the pregnancy process. These cysts are usually harmless and resolve on their own after childbirth.
• Previous Ovarian Cysts: If you have had ovarian cysts in the past, you may be at a higher risk of developing new cysts.

While these factors can increase the likelihood of developing ovarian cysts, they do not guarantee their occurrence. Ovarian cysts can also occur spontaneously without any identifiable cause.

At MASSH, we understand the impact that ovarian cysts can have on a woman's health and well-being. Our commitment is to provide comprehensive and advanced non-invasive treatment options for ovarian cysts, tailored to meet the individual needs of our patients. If you are experiencing symptoms of ovarian cysts or have been diagnosed with this condition, we encourage you to schedule a consultation with our experts at MASSH. We are here to guide you through your treatment journey, answer your questions, and provide the care and support you need. Take the first step towards managing your ovarian cysts and regaining your health by contacting us today.