Ureteric Stones are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the ureter, the tube connecting the kidneys to the bladder. These stones can vary in size and composition, with different types of stones presenting unique characteristics:

• Calcium Stones: Calcium Stones are the most common type of ureteric stones, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. They are primarily composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. High levels of calcium or oxalate in the urine, often influenced by dietary factors, can contribute to the formation of calcium stones.
• Uric Acid Stones: Uric acid stones form when there is an excess of uric acid in the urine. They are more prevalent in individuals with conditions such as gout, high-purine diets, or certain metabolic disorders that affect uric acid metabolism.
• Struvite Stones: Struvite Stones, also known as infection stones, typically develop as a result of urinary tract infections caused by certain bacteria. These stones can grow rapidly and become quite large, often requiring medical intervention for removal.
• Cystine Stones: Cystine Stones are relatively rare and occur in individuals with a genetic disorder called cystinuria. This condition leads to the excessive excretion of cystine, an amino acid, in the urine. Cystine stones tend to reoccur and can be challenging to manage.

Ureteric Stones have been a health concern for centuries, with evidence of their presence found in Egyptian mummies dating back thousands of years. It is interesting to note that certain geographical regions, known as "stone belts," have a higher prevalence of ureteric stones due to factors such as climate, diet, and genetic predisposition. It can affect individuals of all ages, but they are more commonly observed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60. They can range in size from tiny grains to large stones that can obstruct the flow of urine. While some stones may pass through the urinary tract naturally without causing significant symptoms, others can lead to intense pain, urinary tract infections, and potential kidney damage. The pain associated with ureteric stones is often described as one of the most severe types of pain, comparable to that experienced during childbirth.

Symptoms of Ureteric Stones 
 

Ureteric stones can cause a range of symptoms that vary depending on factors such as the size and location of the stone, as well as individual differences in pain tolerance. Here are some common symptoms associated with ureteric stones:

• Flank Pain: One of the hallmark symptoms of ureteric stones is flank pain, which is characterised by a severe and sharp pain in the side or back. The pain can radiate to the lower abdomen or groin area. The intensity of the pain can be excruciating and may come in waves as the stone moves through the ureter.
• Hematuria: Ureteric stones can cause blood to appear in the urine, resulting in hematuria. The urine may appear pink, red, or brownish in colour. Blood in the urine is an alarming symptom and should prompt a medical evaluation.
• Urinary Urgency and Frequency: Individuals with ureteric stones often experience a persistent need to urinate more frequently than usual. This increased urinary urgency may be accompanied by a sensation of incomplete emptying of the bladder.
• Painful Urination: Ureteric stones can irritate the lining of the urinary tract, leading to painful urination, known as dysuria. This discomfort can be experienced as a burning or stinging sensation during urination.
• Nausea and Vomiting: In some cases, ureteric stones can cause feelings of nausea and may even trigger vomiting. These symptoms can be a result of the intense pain or due to the disruption of normal kidney function.
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Ureteric stones can create an environment conducive to bacterial growth, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections. Symptoms of UTIs include frequent urination, a strong urge to urinate, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and fever.

Not all individuals with ureteric stones will experience symptoms. Some stones may remain asymptomatic and go undetected until discovered incidentally during imaging tests or routine check-ups. If you suspect you may have ureteric stones or experience any of the symptoms mentioned, it is advisable to seek medical attention for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Causes
 

Ureteric stones, also known as ureteral stones or kidney stones, are formed due to the accumulation of certain substances in the urinary tract. Understanding the causes of ureteric stones can help in their prevention and management. Here are some common causes:
 

• Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake can lead to concentrated urine, which increases the risk of stone formation. When there is not enough water available to dilute waste products, the minerals and salts in the urine can crystallise and form stones.
• Dietary Factors: Certain dietary habits can contribute to the development of ureteric stones. Consuming a diet high in oxalate-rich foods, such as spinach, rhubarb, and chocolate, increases the risk of calcium oxalate stones. Similarly, a diet high in sodium and protein can lead to higher levels of calcium and uric acid in the urine, increasing the likelihood of stone formation.
• Medical Conditions: Underlying medical conditions can increase the risk of developing ureteric stones. Conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, urinary tract infections, and certain metabolic disorders can affect the chemical balance in the urine, promoting stone formation.
• Family History: A family history of kidney stones can increase an individual's susceptibility to developing ureteric stones. Genetic factors can influence the way the body processes and excretes certain substances, making some individuals more prone to stone formation.
• Urinary Tract Obstruction: Any condition that obstructs or hampers the normal flow of urine can increase the risk of stone formation. Structural abnormalities in the urinary tract, such as narrow ureters or urethral strictures, can create conditions that favour stone development.
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): UTIs can create an environment conducive to stone formation. Bacterial infections can alter the urine composition and promote stone formation.
• Certain Medications: Certain medications or supplements, such as diuretics, antacids containing calcium, and certain antiretroviral medications, can increase the risk of stone formation by altering urine composition or increasing calcium levels.

While these factors can increase the risk of ureteric stones, not everyone with these risk factors will develop stones. It can vary from person to person, and multiple factors often contribute to stone formation. Understanding the underlying causes can help guide treatment strategies and preventive measures to reduce the risk of recurrent stones. If you have a history of ureteric stones or are concerned about your risk, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation and personalised guidance.

At MASSH, we understand the impact that ureteric stones can have on your quality of life. That's why our dedicated urology team is committed to providing you with advanced and minimally invasive treatment options, such as ureteroscopy. With our state-of-the-art facilities and experienced specialists, we strive to deliver personalised care and optimal outcomes for our patients. Don't let ureteric stones hold you back from enjoying life to the fullest. Contact MASSH today to schedule a consultation and take the first step towards regaining your comfort, well-being, and freedom from the burden of ureteric stones.