Kidney Stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid masses that form in the kidneys from the buildup of mineral and acid salts. They can vary in size from tiny grains to golf ball-sized. They can cause significant pain, discomfort, and other symptoms such as blood in the urine, nausea, and vomiting. Kidney stones are a common and painful condition that can develop when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, become too concentrated and form crystals. Over time, these crystals can grow larger and become kidney stones.

There are several types of kidney stones, each with a different composition.

• Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones and are made of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.
• Uric acid stones form when too much uric acid is in the urine.
• Urinary tract infections form struvite stones composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.
• Cystine stones occur in people with a rare genetic disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of a certain amino acid.

Several factors can increase a person's risk of developing kidney stones, including genetics, diet, and certain medical conditions such as gout or inflammatory bowel disease. For example, consuming a diet high in salt, sugar, and animal protein can increase the amount of calcium and oxalate in the urine, which can contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

Symptoms and Signs of Kidney Stones

Kidney Stones can present with a variety of symptoms, which can vary depending on the stone's size, location, and whether it is causing an obstruction or infection. Common symptoms of kidney stones include:

• Intense Pain: One of the hallmark symptoms of kidney stones is severe pain in the back or side (flank area). The pain can be sudden and may radiate to the lower abdomen and groin. It is often described as excruciating and may come in waves.
• Hematuria: Blood in the urine, known as hematuria, is another common symptom of kidney stones. The urine may appear pink, red, or brown, indicating the presence of blood.
• Urinary Frequency and Urgency: Kidney stones can irritate the lining of the urinary tract, leading to an increased frequency of urination and a sense of urgency to urinate.
• Painful Urination: Passing urine may be accompanied by pain or a burning sensation. This can be due to the stone causing irritation or inflammation in the urinary tract.
• Cloudy or Foul-Smelling Urine: Kidney stones can sometimes cause changes in urine colour and odour. The urine may appear cloudy or have an unpleasant smell.
• Nausea and Vomiting: In some cases, kidney stone pain can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. This can occur due to the intense pain or as a result of the body's response to the stone's presence.

Not all kidney stones cause symptoms. The severity and combination of symptoms can vary from person to person. Some may go unnoticed and be detected incidentally during imaging tests or routine check-ups. If you experience any of these symptoms or suspect you may have a kidney stone, it is recommended to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

 Causes of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones can form due to various factors and underlying conditions. The most common causes of kidney stones include:

• Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake can lead to concentrated urine, making it easier for minerals and salts to form crystals and eventually develop into kidney stones.
• Dietary Factors: Certain dietary habits can contribute to kidney stone formation. Consuming a diet high in sodium, oxalate, or animal protein increases the risk of developing stones.
• Family History: If you have a family history of kidney stones, you may have a higher likelihood of developing them yourself. Genetic factors can make some individuals more prone to stone formation.
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): UTIs can increase the risk of developing certain types of kidney stones. Bacteria that cause UTIs can produce substances that promote stone formation.
• Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions can increase the risk of kidney stone formation, including hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and cystinuria.
• Medications: Some medications, such as diuretics, antacids containing calcium, and certain antiretroviral drugs, may increase the risk of kidney stone formation.

The specific causes and risk factors for kidney stones can vary from person to person. Many people with kidney stones do not have any identifiable cause. The underlying cause of kidney stones can be important for preventing future stones, so it's important to see a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause of kidney stones or if you are at risk of developing them. They will provide you with a proper evaluation and guidance to design an appropriate treatment plan.

At MASSH, our expert team of urologists is here to help you diagnose and manage this condition, using a variety of non-surgical and surgical approaches tailored to your unique needs. Our goal is to help you achieve relief from your symptoms and prevent future complications. Don't let kidney stones affect your quality of life. Contact us today to schedule an appointment and take the first step towards a healthier you.