Fibroids, also known as uterine fibroids or leiomyomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop in the uterus. They are one of the most common reproductive health conditions affecting women. Fibroids can vary in size, ranging from small, pea-sized nodules to large tumors that can distort the shape and size of the uterus. Fibroids are typically made up of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue. They can develop anywhere within the uterine wall, including the outer surface, within the uterine cavity, or even attached to the uterus by a stalk-like structure. They can occur as a single fibroid or as multiple fibroids within the uterus.

Fibroids can be classified into different types based on their location within the uterus. Here are the main types of fibroids:

• Subserosal Fibroids: These fibroids develop on the outer wall of the uterus, known as the serosa. They can grow outward, away from the uterus, and may become attached to nearby organs like the bladder or intestines. Subserosal fibroids can sometimes be palpated during a physical examination as lumps or bumps beneath the skin of the abdomen.
• Intramural Fibroids: Intramural fibroids are the most common type and develop within the muscular wall of the uterus. They expand inward, causing the uterus to enlarge. Intramural fibroids can range in size and may distort the shape of the uterus. Depending on their size and location, they can cause heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure symptoms.
• Submucosal Fibroids: Submucosal fibroids grow underneath the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. They can protrude into the uterine cavity and may cause significant menstrual irregularities, such as heavy bleeding, prolonged periods, or bleeding between periods. Submucosal fibroids have been associated with fertility issues and recurrent miscarriages.
• Pedunculated Fibroids: Pedunculated fibroids are fibroids that have a stalk or narrow base that attaches them to the uterine wall. They can be subserosal or submucosal in nature. Depending on the location and size, pedunculated fibroids may cause pain, twisting of the stalk (torsion), or pressure on surrounding organs.

Some fibroids may have characteristics of multiple types, and the symptoms and impact on fertility can vary depending on the location, size, and number of fibroids.

Fibroids are more prevalent in women of reproductive age, typically appearing between the ages of 30 and 50. They tend to regress after menopause when hormone levels decrease. African-American women have a higher risk of developing fibroids compared to women of other ethnicities.Fibroids are typically non-cancerous and do not increase the risk of developing uterine cancer. However, they can cause discomfort and other complications, leading women to seek medical intervention. The treatment options for fibroids depend on various factors, including the size and location of the fibroids, the severity of symptoms, and the woman's reproductive plans

Symptoms of Fibroids

The symptoms of fibroids can vary depending on the size, number, and location of the fibroids within the uterus. Some women may experience mild or no symptoms at all, while others may have significant symptoms that affect their quality of life. Common symptoms associated with fibroids include:

• Heavy or Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding: Fibroids can cause heavy and prolonged menstrual periods, often accompanied by severe cramping. Women may need to change sanitary pads frequently or experience blood clots during their periods.
• Pelvic Pain and Pressure: Fibroids can cause pelvic pain or discomfort, including a dull ache, pressure, or a feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen. The size and location of the fibroids can contribute to the intensity of the pain.
• Enlarged Abdomen: Large fibroids can cause the uterus to expand, resulting in an enlarged abdomen. This may lead to a visible protrusion or a feeling of increased abdominal girth.
• Urinary Symptoms: Fibroids located near the bladder can lead to urinary frequency, urgency, or difficulty with urination. Women may experience the need to urinate more frequently or feel a sense of incomplete bladder emptying.
• Constipation and Bowel Dysfunction: Fibroids that press against the rectum or large intestine can cause constipation, difficulty passing stools, or a feeling of incomplete bowel movements.
• Painful Intercourse: Fibroids can cause pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). This may be due to the pressure exerted by the fibroids on the surrounding organs or the uterine wall.
• Infertility or Pregnancy Complications: In some cases, fibroids can interfere with fertility and make it difficult to conceive. They can also increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, such as miscarriage, preterm labor, or the need for cesarean delivery.

These symptoms can also be associated with other medical conditions, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of fibroids.
 

Cause of Fibroids

The exact cause of fibroids is still not fully understood. However, several factors have been identified that may contribute to their development. These include:

• Hormonal Influence: Hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, play a significant role in the growth and development of fibroids. Estrogen, in particular, has been associated with the proliferation of uterine muscle cells, which can lead to the formation of fibroids. During the reproductive years when estrogen levels are higher, fibroids tend to grow, and they often shrink after menopause when hormone levels decrease.
• Genetic Predisposition: There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors may play a role in the development of fibroids. Women with a family history of fibroids are more likely to develop them themselves. Certain genetic mutations and alterations in genes involved in cell growth and regulation may contribute to the development of fibroids.
• Growth Factors: Various growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), have been implicated in the development of fibroids. These growth factors promote cell division and the formation of new blood vessels, which can contribute to the growth of fibroid tissue.
• Uterine Muscle Abnormalities: Abnormalities in the uterine muscle cells may contribute to the development of fibroids. Changes in the muscle cells' structure and function can result in the formation of fibroids.
• Other Factors: Other factors that may influence the development of fibroids include obesity, certain dietary factors, such as a high intake of red meat and low intake of fruits and vegetables, and certain environmental factors. However, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of these factors on fibroid development.

While these factors may contribute to the development of fibroids, the exact cause can vary among individuals. Many women with one or more of these risk factors may never develop fibroids, while others without any known risk factors may develop them. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in the development of fibroids.

If you suspect you have fibroids or have been diagnosed with fibroids and are experiencing symptoms, it is essential to seek medical advice for proper evaluation and management. The team at MASSH specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of fibroids, offering a range of options tailored to each individual's needs. Don't let fibroids impact your quality of life. Contact MASSH today to schedule a consultation and explore the available treatment options.