About ovarian cyst

An ovarian cyst refers to a sac filled with fluid that develops inside or on the surface of an ovary. These cysts are frequently encountered in clinical practice, with studies showing that about 10% to 30% of women will have them at some stage. Though mostly noncancerous and functional, ovarian cysts may sometimes lead to pelvic discomfort and abdominal bloating.

What is an ovarian cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a small pocket of fluid or semi-solid material that appears within or on either ovary. There are several kinds of ovarian cysts, and most are harmless and don’t produce symptoms. Many women remain unaware of their presence unless a doctor finds one during a gynecological check-up or imaging test. In rare instances, complications may arise. Regular check-ups and discussing any symptoms with a doctor can help detect issues early. Ovarian cysts are especially common in women who haven’t reached menopause.

Types of ovarian cysts

Most ovarian cysts are considered functional and occur due to hormonal changes related to ovulation. Less frequently, other types arise that are not linked to the menstrual cycle.

1. Functional ovarian cysts : Functional cysts result from natural reproductive processes and are not associated with illness. They show that ovulation is taking place. Usually, these shrink on their own within two months. They include:

• Follicular cysts: Develop when the follicle fails to release an egg and instead fills with fluid.
• Corpus luteum cysts: Form after ovulation when the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which may retain fluid instead of breaking down.

2. Other types of cysts : Non-functional cysts form independently of ovulation and may need monitoring to avoid future issues:

• Cystadenomas: Originate on the outer surface of the ovary; contents may vary from watery to mucus-like fluid.
• Dermoid cysts (teratomas): Composed of tissue types like skin, teeth, or hair and are typically rubbery and benign.
• Endometriomas: Filled with old menstrual blood and often linked to endometriosis.

3. Ovarian cancer cysts: These solid growths of cancerous cells are uncommon but more frequently observed in postmenopausal women.

Signs and Symptoms of ovarian cyst

Small cysts may remain symptom-free. However, larger ones could cause:

• Pelvic pain or backache
• Sensation of heaviness or bloating in the lower abdomen
• Discomfort during intercourse
• Painful or irregular menstruation
• Constipation or frequent urination

Symptoms that persist may indicate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which can also cause acne, infertility, and weight gain due to hormone imbalance.

Ovarian Cyst Causes

Ovulation remains the primary trigger for ovarian cyst formation. Other causes include:

• Abnormal cell changes leading to dermoid or cystadenoma formation
• Endometriosis, which may lead to blood-filled cysts on the ovaries
• PCOS, where numerous small cysts develop
• Pelvic infections like PID that spread to the ovaries

Ovarian Cyst Risk Factors

Any person with ovaries can form a cyst, though risk increases due to:

• Younger age (before menopause)
• Being pregnant
• Having had cysts previously
• Conditions like PCOS or endometriosis
• Fertility drugs that stimulate ovulation

Ovarian Cyst Complications

Although usually harmless, ovarian cysts can occasionally lead to serious problems:

• Cancer: Postmenopausal cysts carry a higher risk of malignancy
• Rupture: Sudden breaking of a cyst can cause intense pain or fainting
• Ovarian torsion: A large cyst can twist the ovary, cutting off blood flow and causing severe symptoms

Seek urgent care if symptoms like intense pelvic pain, nausea, or lightheadedness appear suddenly.

Ovarian Cyst Diagnosis

• Pelvic Exam: Helps detect tenderness or abnormalities but may not confirm diagnosis alone.
• Ultrasound: The go-to imaging tool to evaluate cyst characteristics—location, size, and fluid content.
• MRI/CT Scan: Used when more detailed imaging is needed, especially for larger or atypical cysts.
• Blood Tests: Tests like CA-125 may be ordered to assess cancer risk; pregnancy tests help rule out other conditions.

Ovarian Cyst Treatment Management

• Observation: Many functional cysts disappear on their own within 1–3 months.
• Pain Relief: NSAIDs and local heat can help manage symptoms.
• Hormonal Therapy: Birth control pills may be used to prevent future cyst formation.

Note: All medications should be taken under medical supervision.

Minimally Invasive Management

• Advanced Laparoscopic Cystectomy : This technique removes the cyst while saving healthy ovarian tissue, done through small incisions using high-definition laparoscopic tools. It’s ideal for women wanting to maintain fertility. The approach reduces post-surgical discomfort and speeds up healing compared to traditional surgery.
• Advanced Laparoscopic Oophorectomy : This procedure removes one or both ovaries through minimally invasive surgery. It's recommended for large or suspicious cysts, ovarian torsion, or cancer risk. The precision of advanced laparoscopy helps surgeons avoid nearby structures and minimize complications. Removal of fallopian tubes may also be performed, if needed.